Informed Consent for Colonoscopy and Polypectomy

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Informed Consent for Colonoscopy and Polypectomy

Patient and Procedure Information

Nature and Purpose of the Procedure

Colonoscopy is an endoscopic procedure in which a flexible, lighted tube with a high-definition camera (colonoscope, typically 130 to 160 cm in length) is inserted through the rectum and advanced under direct visualization through the entire colon (large intestine) to the terminal ileum. The procedure allows the physician to examine the mucosal lining for polyps, tumors, inflammation, diverticular disease, vascular lesions, or sources of bleeding. Identified polyps are removed (polypectomy) using forceps biopsy, cold snare, or electrosurgical hot snare and retrieved for histopathological examination. The procedure is performed under intravenous conscious sedation (typically propofol or midazolam with fentanyl) or monitored anesthesia care (MAC). A complete preparation of the colon with a bowel cleansing agent (polyethylene glycol-based solution or sodium picosulfate) is mandatory the day before and morning of the procedure to clear all stool and allow adequate mucosal visualization. The procedure typically takes 20 to 60 minutes.

Critical Bowel Preparation and Safety Requirements

A complete bowel preparation is essential for a safe and effective colonoscopy. An inadequate preparation (poor quality stool clearing) results in missed polyps and lesions, increased procedure time, higher perforation risk, and requires repeat colonoscopy. Patients must follow the prescribed preparation regimen exactly as directed by their physician. On the day of the procedure: (1) Patients must not eat solid food for at least 8 hours before the procedure. (2) A responsible adult driver must be arranged to drive the patient home; operating a motor vehicle or heavy machinery within 24 hours of sedation is strictly prohibited. (3) Patients on anticoagulants (warfarin, rivaroxaban, apixaban) or antiplatelet agents (clopidogrel) must follow specific bridging or cessation instructions provided by their physician, as these medications must often be paused before polypectomy.

Material Risks and Potential Complications

Colonic perforation: the most serious complication, occurring in approximately 1 in 1,000 diagnostic colonoscopies and 1 in 500 therapeutic (polypectomy) colonoscopies. A full-thickness tear in the colon wall causes peritonitis and typically requires emergency surgery, including temporary colostomy in severe cases.
Post-polypectomy bleeding: the most common complication following polypectomy, occurring in approximately 1 to 6 percent of polypectomies. Immediate bleeding during the procedure is managed endoscopically with clip placement or cauterization. Delayed bleeding (occurring 1 to 14 days later) is more common with large polyps removed by hot snare and may require repeat colonoscopy, angiographic embolization, or surgery.
Missed lesions (adenoma miss rate): colonoscopy is not 100 percent sensitive. Small flat adenomas (especially serrated polyps) may be missed even by experienced colonoscopists. The adenoma miss rate for polyps under 5 mm is approximately 20 to 27 percent. Adequate preparation and sufficient withdrawal time (minimum 6 minutes) minimize this risk.
Sedation-related adverse effects: cardiorespiratory depression from propofol or opioids may cause transient oxygen desaturation, hypotension, or (rarely) aspiration. An anesthesia team or trained endoscopy nurse administers and monitors sedation throughout.
Post-polypectomy syndrome: fever, localized abdominal pain, and leukocytosis without perforation due to transmural burn from electrosurgery; occurs in 0.5 to 1 percent; managed conservatively with antibiotics and bowel rest.
Gas and bloating: mild abdominal distension, cramping, and flatulence from air or carbon dioxide insufflation during the procedure; typically resolves within a few hours.
Abdominal pain from colonic distension, mesenteric stretching, or polypectomy site discomfort for 24 to 48 hours after the procedure.

Polyp Histology and Surveillance Intervals

Any polyps removed during this procedure will be submitted to the pathology laboratory for histological examination. The pathology result will determine your recommended surveillance interval for future colonoscopy. Hyperplastic polyps: repeat colonoscopy in 10 years. 1 to 2 low-risk adenomas (less than 10 mm, no high-grade dysplasia): repeat in 5 to 7 years. 3 or more adenomas, or any adenoma 10 mm or larger, or any adenoma with villous features or high-grade dysplasia: repeat in 3 years. Advanced serrated lesions: individualized interval. You will receive a separate pathology report and colonoscopy results letter outlining your specific follow-up recommendation.

Alternatives to Colonoscopy

CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy): non-invasive CT scan reconstructed to visualize the colon; does not allow polyp removal or biopsy; requires same bowel preparation; abnormal findings require follow-up conventional colonoscopy.
Stool-based tests: faecal immunochemical test (FIT) for blood, multi-target stool DNA test (Cologuard); screening tools only; do not allow therapeutic intervention; positive results require colonoscopy.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy: examines only the distal colon (rectum and sigmoid); misses lesions in the right colon where up to 30 to 40 percent of colorectal cancers arise.

Expected Benefits

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for colorectal cancer screening and polyp removal. The primary expected benefits are: (1) detection and removal of precancerous adenomatous polyps before they progress to cancer, potentially preventing colorectal cancer; (2) early detection of existing colorectal cancer when treatment is most effective; (3) diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, or sources of rectal bleeding; and (4) therapeutic removal of polyps in the same procedure without requiring separate surgery. Colonoscopy has been shown to reduce colorectal cancer mortality by 60 to 70 percent through adenoma detection and removal.

Right to Refuse or Withdraw Consent

You have the right to refuse this procedure or withdraw your consent at any time before sedation is administered without penalty or adverse effect on your medical care. Your physician will discuss alternative colorectal cancer screening options with you if you choose not to proceed.

Questions and Understanding Confirmation

I confirm that I have read and understood the bowel preparation instructions, post-procedure driving restrictions, and anticoagulant/antiplatelet medication management requirements. I have arranged a responsible adult driver for discharge. All my questions have been answered to my satisfaction. I believe I am making an informed and voluntary decision.

Language Access and Interpreter Services

If English is not your primary language or if you require assistance communicating, a qualified medical interpreter is available at no cost. Please notify your care team before signing this document.

Copy of Consent Acknowledgment

I acknowledge that I have been offered a signed copy of this informed consent form for my own records.

Patient Authorization

I have completed or will complete my bowel preparation exactly as instructed. I have arranged a responsible adult driver and will not drive for 24 hours after sedation. I consent to colonoscopy and authorize the endoscopist to perform polypectomy, biopsy, or other therapeutic maneuvers as clinically indicated.

Signatures and Verification

Patient / LAR Signature
Physician Signature
Witness Signature
Date and Time
Document ID: CC-PENDING
CONSENTCOLLECT